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dc.contributor.authorGilgien, Matthias
dc.contributor.authorSpörri, Jörgen
dc.contributor.authorLimpach, Philippe
dc.contributor.authorGeiger, Alain
dc.contributor.authorMüller, Erich
dc.date.accessioned2015-03-20T11:05:39Z
dc.date.available2015-03-20T11:05:39Z
dc.date.issued2014-10-03
dc.identifier.citationSensors. 2014, 14, 18433-18453nb_NO
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11250/279976
dc.descriptionThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.nb_NO
dc.description.abstractIn sport science, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are frequently applied to capture athletes’ position, velocity and acceleration. Application of GNSS includes a large range of different GNSS technologies and methods. To date no study has comprehensively compared the different GNSS methods applied. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of differential and non-differential solutions, different satellite systems and different GNSS signal frequencies on position accuracy. Twelve alpine ski racers were equipped with high-end GNSS devices while performing runs on a giant slalom course. The skiers’ GNSS antenna positions were calculated in three satellite signal obstruction conditions using five different GNSS methods. The GNSS antenna positions were compared to a video-based photogrammetric reference system over one turn and against the most valid GNSS method over the entire run. Furthermore, the time for acquisitioning differential GNSS solutions was assessed for four differential methods. The only GNSS method that consistently yielded sub-decimetre position accuracy in typical alpine skiing conditions was a differential method using American (GPS) and Russian (GLONASS) satellite systems and the satellite signal frequencies L1 and L2. Under conditions of minimal satellite signal obstruction, valid results were also achieved when either the satellite system GLONASS or the frequency L2 was dropped from the best configuration. All other methods failed to fulfill the accuracy requirements needed to detect relevant differences in the kinematics of alpine skiers, even in conditions favorable for GNSS measurements. The methods with good positioning accuracy had also the shortest times to compute differential solutions. This paper highlights the importance to choose appropriate methods to meet the accuracy requirements for sport applications.nb_NO
dc.language.isoengnb_NO
dc.publisherMDPInb_NO
dc.subjectpositioningnb_NO
dc.subjectkinematicsnb_NO
dc.subjectlocomotionnb_NO
dc.subjectGPS/GNSSnb_NO
dc.subjectwearable systemnb_NO
dc.subjectnavigationnb_NO
dc.subjectphotogrammetrynb_NO
dc.subjectvalidationnb_NO
dc.subjectaccuracynb_NO
dc.subjectsportnb_NO
dc.subjectsnowsportnb_NO
dc.subjectsports medicinenb_NO
dc.titleThe effect of different global navigation satellite system methods on positioning accuracy in elite alpine skiingnb_NO
dc.typeJournal articlenb_NO
dc.typePeer reviewednb_NO
dc.subject.nsiVDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Physics: 430nb_NO
dc.source.journalSensorsnb_NO
dc.description.localcodeSeksjon for fysisk prestasjonsevne / Department of Physical Performancenb_NO


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