Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction and High-Load Resistance Training Induce Comparable Changes in Patellar Tendon Properties

Abstract

Introduction: Low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) has emerged as a viable alternative to conventional high-load (HL) resistance training regimens. Despite increasing evidence confirming comparable muscle adaptations between LL-BFR and HL resistance exercise, only very little is known about tendinous mechanical and morphological adaptations after LL-BFR. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of 14 wk of LL-BFR and HL training on patellar tendon adaptations. Methods: Twenty-nine recreationally active male participants were randomly allocated into the following two groups: LL-BFR resistance training (20%–35% one-repetition maximum (1RM)) or HL resistance training (70%–85% 1RM). Both groups trained three times per week for 14 wk. One week before and after the intervention, patellar tendon mechanical and morphological properties were assessed via ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, changes in muscle cross-sectional area were quantified by magnetic resonance imaging and muscle strength via dynamic 1RM measurements. Results: The findings demonstrated that both LL-BFR and HL training resulted in comparable changes in patellar tendon stiffness (LL-BFR: +25.2%, P = 0.003; HL: +22.5%, P = 0.024) without significant differences between groups. Similar increases in tendon cross-sectional area were observed in HL and LL-BFR. Muscle mass and strength also significantly increased in both groups but were not statistically different between HL (+38%) and LL-BFR (+34%), except for knee extension 1RM where higher changes were seen in LL-BFR. Conclusions: The present results support the notion that both HL and LL-BFR cause substantial changes in patellar tendon properties, and the magnitude of changes is not significantly different between conditions. Further studies that examine the physiological mechanisms underlying the altered tendon properties after LL-BFR training are needed.